Session The Heart of Christianity - Rediscovering a Life of Faith
by Marcus Borg

Chapter 2: Faith: The Way of the Heart
Chapter 3: The Bible: The Heart of the Tradition.
Clicking the book anywhere will bring you back to the starting page.
"Do you still not perceive or understand? ... Do you have eyes, and fail to see? Do you have ears, and fail to hear?" (Mark 8:17-18)  
Section Internet Links Larry's Meditation Jock's Notes Wayne's Notes Back to Index
Peter Barnes Notes. - Synopsis

Borg starts this section with a discussion of the various ways people have (and do) define ‘faith’ and ‘belief’. If this becomes the focus for what is important the effect is to turn the Christian faith into a "head matter". It demands a response to the question "Well, what do you believe?" This, Borg contends to to distort and undervalue the whole value of ‘faith’.

Ascertaining that ‘faith’ is central to the Christian life Borg expands four historical primary meanings, each with an identifying Latin ‘tag’:

  a.. Faith as assensus; this is faith as belief, and the nearest English equivalent is in the word ‘assent’.

  b.. faith as fiducia; this Latin word has no obvious English equivalent but close is the word ‘trust’.

  c.. faith as fidelitas; this is faith as ‘fidelity’. Faith as faithfulness to God.

  d.. faith as visio. The nearest English word is vision, suggesting faith as a way of seeing.

Borg explores each of these aspects in detail, because both those who live with the ‘earlier paradigm’ and those who reside within the ‘emerging paradigm’ use the word faith in ways that resonate with their convictions.

The Bible is, for Christians, our sacred scriptures, yet it has become a stumbling block for many. Borg identifies just some of the intellectual sticking points in the Bible for those embracing the emerging paradigm, then starts to explore in detail the historical background to help us understand what the bible is (and is not). This chapter builds on his scholarship in Reading the Bible Again for the First Time and Bog summarizes the main points for those who have not read this previous book. For those of us who
can remember discussions (arguments?) that hinged around "Yes he did - No he didn’t" with people who hold views divergent from our own will easily relate to Borg’s analysis of the comments of some of his students over the years.

Many of us will readily relate to Borg’s discussion of the Bible as sacrament - that is something which facilitates and empowers our relationship with God, even as we emphasize and focus on the human origins of the Bible. What Borg builds is a new way of receiving the Bible as both metaphor and sacrament.
MEDITATION - Monday, January 24, 2005,
Larry J. Fisk

Today the United Nations held a special assembly commemorating the 60th anniversary of the liberation of the Nazi extermination camp of Auschwitz. That commemoration is a sober reminder that we live in the aftermath of the worst mass murder and degradation of individual character and personal spirit in human history. When we talk about faith and holy scripture this evening it behooves us to talk and act individually and as a community in a truly " holy manner", a manner cognizant of the necessity of a post-human ovens faith, a post-concentration camp ethic, and a post-holocaust reading of sacred scriptures.

The quotations I read tonight are from an Austrian Jewish survivor of four Concentration camps including Auschwitz, a brilliant therapist: Viktor Frankl. But I also wish to read from a great protestant Swiss citizen who studied in that Germany which housed these horrors: the great theologian Karl Barth. Finally, I will read from a Roman Catholic novelist growing up in the fundamentalist U.S. South, a woman who speaks in a loud and penetrating voice necessitated by the luke warm indifference and consensus of her American experience, post-World War II, i.e., Flannery O'Connor.

Viktor Frankl was working right to the last minute before his imprisonment on a brilliant manuscript on logotherapy: the human will-to-meaning, which he smuggled into Auschwitz only to have it immediately stolen and destroyed. He later describes how he managed to recreate this great work and how it provided meaning in the midst of unutterable evil.
When, a few months before my liberation from my last concentration camp, I was suffering from typhus and, as a physician, knew that a vascular collapse during sleep was the principle danger, I tried hard to keep myself awake by scribbling shorthand notes on the back of small scraps of paper that a comrade had stolen for me, together with the stub of a pencil. Later these notes proved to be very helpful when I started reconstructing the manuscript.
Frankl describes the genesis of this manuscript in his Man's Search for Meaning said by a Library of Congress study to be one of the ten most influential books in American history (79 printings, 23 translations, nine million copies).
Almost in tears from pain (I had terrible sores on my feet from wearing torn shoes), I limped a few kilometers with our long column of men from the camp to our work site. Very cold, bitter winds struck us. I kept thinking of the endless little problems of our miserable life.... I became disgusted with a state of affairs which compelled me, daily and hourly, to think of only such trivial things. I forced my thoughts to turn to another subject. Suddenly I saw myself standing on the platform of a well-lit, warm and pleasant lecture room. In front of me sat an attentive audience on comfortable upholstered seats. I was giving a lecture on the psychology of the concentration camp! All that oppressed me at that moment became objective, seen and described from a remote viewpoint of science. By this method I succeeded somehow in rising above the situation, above the sufferings of the moment, and I observed them as if the were already of the past.
By the end of that year the manuscript including a chapter on "the psychology of the Concentration Camp" was completed. Frankl says:
I will never forget the sense of deep reward that I experienced when I went to my publisher in Vienna with the manuscript whose first version I had carried to Auschwitz. I felt like the man in the psalm: " he that goeth forth weeping, bearing precious seed, shall doubtless come again with rejoicing, bringing his sheaves with him."
Frankl's "logotherapy" or meaning-centred psychotherapy he saw as being useful to all patients and psychiatrists, even the irreligious or agnostic, because religion he felt was an expression of the human search for "ultimate" meaning. Not more than 20 percent of patients suffered from these noogenetic or meaning-related neuroses, hence Frankl was determined to point out that he was not overrating his findings, "although we may sometimes leave the impression of being one-sided. "But", he argued,
...taking this for granted, let me ask the question, if there isn't- along with a sound eclecticism-a sound one-sidedness? Wasn't it the great and first, existentialist Soren Kierkegaard who admonished us by saying that he who has to offer a corrective should be one-sided- boldly one-sided- because such one-sidedness is not only his right but also his duty.
We must remain aware of the fact that as long as absolute truth is not accessible to us (and it will never be), relative truths have to function as mutual correctives. Approaching the one truth from various sides, sometimes even in opposite directions, we cannot attain it, but we may at least encircle it.

In a quite similar vein the literary critic Ralph C. Wood in his "Flannery O'Connor and the Christ-Haunted South" describes the American Catholic's imaginative writing as deliberately one-sided, and harsh. O'Connor as a satirist, Wood says, "seeks to deflate pretenders and poseurs, to prick the bubble of all things falsely inflated, to name the illness which makes us sick unto death".

Quite in keeping with Frankl's logotherapy Wood cites Walker Percy on the condition of the Western World which Flannery O'Connor addresses:
.... it seems that whatever has gone wrong strikes to the heart and core of meaning itself, the very ways people see and understand themselves. What is called into question .... now is the very enterprise of human life itself. Instead of writing about this or that social evil from a posture of consensus from which we agree to deplore social evils, it is now the consensus itself and the posture which are called into question.
O'Connor's stories are therefore written with a Kierkegaardian one-sidedness, consciously "stark and grotesque" in order to "cast doubt on the consensus assumptions of the modern age" and to avoid the sentimentalizing of religious truths which she claims is "saccharine religion comparable to pornographic literature".

The novelist with Christian concerns will find in modern life distortions which are repugnant to him, and his problem will be to make these appear as distortions to an audience which is used to seeing them as natural; and he may well be forced to take ever more violent means to get his vision across to this hostile audience....[Y]ou have to make your vision apparent by shock - to the hard of hearing you shout, and for the almost-blind you draw large and startling figures.

Wood believes:
...that the church, altogether as much as the secular world, requires the awakening jolt of O'Connor's fiction. Most Christian communities have failed to embody, in both worship and witness, their own saving alternative to our "terrible world." They have lost what is repeatedly found in O'Connor's fiction: the gladness that God's goodness is even more shocking than our violations of it. The God of Abraham and Sarah, of Isaac and Rebekah, of Jacob and Rachel, of Jesus Christ and the Virgin Mary - this stubborn, relentlessly pursuing Hound of Heaven - is determined to deny all our denials of his mercy
O'Connor evidently owned but one book by the great Swiss protestant theologian Karl Barth, (who by the way joined Martin Niemoller and authored the Barmen Declaration in opposing Adolf Hitler's state-sponsored "Evangelical Church of the German Nation".) Barth even sent a copy of his pamphlet opposing Hitler's "German Christians" to the so-called Feuhrer himself. O'Connor saw nothing in Barth that a Catholic could not accept. "I like old Barth", she said, "He throws the furniture around."

Wood says O'Connor "shared [Barth's] ...ultimately comic understanding of the gospel as undeserved mercy rather than much-deserved wrath". He quotes Karl Barth:
[The Word of God] does not proclaim in the same breath both good and evil, both help and destruction, both life and death. It does, of course, throw a shadow. We cannot overlook or ignore this aspect of the matter. In itself, however, it is light and not darkness. We cannot, therefore, speak of the latter aspect in the same breath. In any case, even under this aspect, the final word is never that of warning, of judgment, of punishment, of a barrier erected, of a grave opened. We cannot speak of it without mentioning all these things. The Yes cannot be heard unless the No is also heard. But the No is said for the sake of the Yes and not for its own sake. In substance, therefore, the first and last word is Yes and not No.
O'Connor's peculiar regard for the "bible-reading" Southern USA is explained somewhat in her statement: "When the poor hold sacred history in common they have concrete ties to the universal and the holy which allow the meaning of their every action to be heightened and seen under the aspect of eternity". Quoting St. Gregory of Nyssa she claimed "every time the sacred text describes a fact, it reveals a mystery." She continued:

Our response to life is different if we have been taught only a definition of faith than it is if we have trembled with Abraham as he held the knife over Isaac.

Both Viktor Frankl and Flannery O'Connor prompt us to embrace our desperate yet comic one-sidedness, our search for meaning and our human or Christian responsibility to respond in light of that always incomplete, yet eternally animating source.

REFERENCES:

Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics, 4 vols., trans. G. W. Bromiley (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1934-69), II/3, Part 2, p. 13.

Viktor Frankl, The Doctor and the Soul: From Psychotherapy to Logotherapy (New York: Vintage Books, 1986) pp. x-xiii.

Viktor Frankl, Man's Search for Meaning (Toronto: Pocket Books, Washington Square Press, 1984) First published 1946.

Walker Percy, "The State of the Novel: Dying Art of New Science?" in Signposts in a Strange Land, ed. Patrick Samway (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1991), p. 141.

Ralph C. Wood, Flannery O'Connor and the Christ-Haunted South (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2004) pp. 8-11.

http://people.bu.edu/wwildman/WeirdWildWeb/courses/mwt/dictionary/mwt_themes_750_barth.htm

http://www.empirezine.com/spotlilght/frankl/frankl1.htm
Jock's Notes. Faith.

Bible ideas on faith.
"Faith is the confident assurance of things hoped for, the conviction of things not seen." Hebrews 11:1
"Faith if it has no works, is dead." James 2:17
"The only thing that matters is faith acting in love." Galatians 5:6
Faith is Irrelevant for many today.

Borg starts this chapter by pointing out the irrelevance of faith today for many. HL Menken comically remarked on this.
"Faith may be defined as an illogical belief in the occurrence of the improbable."
A more serious commentary on this irrelevance comes from John Ralston Saul. He claims the cause is Reason. We have made Reason our One God. But without the ethical underpinings and common sense of our traditions, Reason is badly failing us. Towards the end of "Voltaire's Bastards" Saul says:
"Western Society is without belief for the first time since the decline of active devotion in the official religion of the Roman Empire. Our situation is unprecedented. There is no example in the last two thousand years of any civilization surviving without belief ... Western civilization reject anything which hints at either the physical or the ethereal. As an immediate result we have been overcome by frenetic, narrowly focused beliefs. The strangest social and economic fashions have taken on the full aura of religious belief for short periods of time. ... We know that this century is the most violent ever achieved by man. ... In this century we have opted not to control ourselves. Inexplicable violence is almost always the sign of deep fears being released and there can be no deeper fear than that of mortality unchained. With the disappearance of faith and the evaporation of all magic from the image, man's fear of mortality has been freed to roam in a manner not seen for two millennia. Signs of this fear are everywhere. An unprecedented worship of the past has won over the elites of every developed country." (p452)

This may largely be because moderns have misunderstood belief as belonging to the head when in truth, it belongs to the heart, says Borg. This faith of the heart has 4 aspects: assent, trust, fidelity and vision.

Assent.

Faith understood as belief has most traditionally meant assent to statements of what is to be believed. Such as creeds and denominationally distinct lists. Borg considers the Reformation increased this focus so one could know what one's church "believed" and so give assent. Science brought into the picture the idea that only demonstrated facts could be "true" and so began a process of differentiation and use of language that continues to this day to be confusing and argumentative. Borg perceptively sidesteps this sort of argument by pointing out how silly it is to think God would care that we had the right beliefs in our heads. Belief he points out, has little transforming power.

The foundational aspects of Faith says Borg are The Reality of God, the Centrality of Jesus and the Centrality of the Bible, but these are to be believed both "deeply" and "loosely" for "we cannot easily give our heart to something that our mind rejects." "Credo" he says doesn't mean the fixed sort of thing we have come to think, but rather means "I give my heart to". This is the central meaning of faith then, that I give my heart to God.

Trust.

Borg says faith is about "radical trust in God" like a child trusting the water will bouy him up.
"Faith is acting on something you believe and something you trust". ... Elaine Pagels (from a CBC Tapestry interview 2005)
Many scientifically trained persons find trust unacceptable. Scepticism is a most essential part of inquiry. Faith is something which inhibits being open to new ideas. Biologist Peter Dawkins in the "Selfish Gene", called the major paradigms of our human experience "memes" and says these function like DNA at the level of society. They are macro-ideas. Memes are encoded not into our cells but into our societal structures. Religion is such a "meme" which implanted in us by society has great power. Faith then is like a virus that inhibits the immune system. However science also, must function on trust. We cannot all be at the "cutting edge" of understanding, we must trust in other persons, and in our systems.

In an age of reason it seems at first strange to "believe" things, for that suggests evidence is not considered. Belief is a temporary condition. When we have the facts, then we will know. But the idea of hypothesis - of best explanation - is at the heart of science and for that matter, all inquiry. We believe until we can know, and are prepared to adapt our hypothesis in light of investigation and experience. We place our trust in those we believe. We believe what we cannot know because of this trust.

In this sense religion and science are quite the same. The mystics within all religious traditions (as we have observed in previous studies, such as of Julian of Norwich), use the language of knowing (not that of believing) when they tell of their experience of the holy. The scientist also keeps away from premature use of the word knowing, until he does have the facts. And for we regular human beings, our moments of science ir religion revealed are few and we tend in both to believe those we trust have had the experience. Belief is a functioning and worthy thing despite Menken.

Borg cites John Calvin as a principle reformer whose influence crosses denominational lines. He defined faith in this way of trust.
"Now we shall possess a right definition of faith if we call it a firm and certain knowledge of God’s benevolence toward us, founded upon the truth of the freely given promise in Christ, both revealed to our minds and sealed upon our hearts through the Holy Spirit."
Fidelity

Faith as fidelity is "at its deepest level, the commitment of the "heart." (p32) says Borg. He says it helps to consider the consequence of it's opposites:.infidelity and idolatry. To be faithful to God involves loving what God loves.
"Faith is the state of being ulimately concerned." ... Paul Tillich. See also the Smith essay on Tillich and faith on the links page.
Vision.

Faith as seeing Borg attributes to Richard Niebuhr. Responsibility involves responding. We can respond in 3 ways: with paranoia, or indifference or we may see "what is" as "life-giving and nourishing.: This leads to "radical trust" and a life of "freedom, joy, peace and love."


Flowing from the Heart.

Paradox is inherent in any inquiry. As we look further into any flower of any concept, it blooms into petals of contributed meaning. And as we focus on any petal we find more dimensions of complexity. In Cohen and Stewart's "The Collapse of Chaos" 2 new terms of inquiry are coined: simplexity and complicity
"Simplexity is the tendency of simple rules to emerge from underlying disorder and complexity, in systems whose large-scale structure is independent of the fine details of their substructure. Complicty is the tendency of interacting systems to coevolve in a manner that changes both, leading to a growth of complexity from simple beginnings - complexity that is unpredictable in detail, but whose general course is comprehensible and foreseeable."
To further illustrate this phenomena, the offer a story:
"A yeshiva boy - a young man studying in a rabbinical college - took instruction from the rabbis. A friend asked him his reactions. 'The first I found very difficult, disorganized, and poorly explained, but I understood what he was saying. The second was a lot clearer, and much more clever, I understood part of that.'. "And the third? They say he is very good.'. 'Oh, he was brilliant! Such a magnificent, resonant voice - it flowed as if from the heart. I was transported to realms beyond my imagining! So articulate, so lucid - and I didn't understand a word."
Wayne's Notes. The Bible.-

Last week, I tried to describe the differences between the book's two paradigms or ways of addressing and living our Christian faith. Borg summarizes these to ways by distinguishing between two different (earlier and emerging) understandings of the Bible (page 15):

The Bible's origin - divine (or) human?

Biblical interpretation - literal/factual (or) historical/metaphorical?
The Bible's function - revelation of doctrine/morals (or) metaphorical and sacramental?

After re-reading chapter three THE BIBLE: The Heart of the Tradition I add another point to Borg's summary:

The Bible's nature - God's message to us (and) our way of understanding God:

The Bible as an icon of God

Until the time of modern computers and other current cultural expressions, the term "icon" was confined primarily to the religious world and meant: a painting or mosaic of Christ, the Virgin Mary, or a saint; revered as a sacred object, especially in the Eastern Churches (Greek, Russian, etc.).

I have come to appreciate icons in a special way since I read Henri Nouwen's book Praying With Icons (1987). He helped bring the world of the Eastern Church from the esoteric to real life for me. An icon, I have come to understand, is not an object or idol to be revered in itself, but it exists to be looked 'through' and 'beyond' in order to discover something spiritually greater.

In the same way I would suggest that the Bible is a book to be revered as an icon. It dose not exist for itself. Rather, it is something to be lppked through. It points the way beyond itself to something more. It is also sacramental, as Borg says, in that it is God's message to us. It is an icon because it is one of our most important ways of discerning God.

So the Bible is not only God's Word to us (sacramental). It is our Word about God (icon).

(Chapter Three is essentially a digest of Borg's earlier book Reading the Bible Again for the First Time (2001). Those who took that course with us three years ago will recall much of what he said. Newcomers can now catch up with Borg's many years of writing about God, Jesus and the Bible through our current study).

My comments to this chapter will be brief and focused on three themes. You are all encourged to go to our Holy Manners archives and read the notes and links to Reading the Bible Again... for yourself.

In the brief time I have, I will say some things about the historical, metaphoric/mythic and sacramental nature of the Bible. I like what the title of the Borg's Bible book says: Taking the Buble seriously, but not literally.

Borg says that the Bible is the heart of the tradition. Christianity is a religion of the book. It is centered on scripture (43). The recovery of this truth is one of the major gifts to the church from the Reformation.

Characteristics of the Bible:

Historical: It is the product of two historical communities - ancient Israel and the early Christian movement (45). It is a human, not a divine product. It is a response to God and describes how humans saw things. It is therefore not absolute or God's revealed truth, but relative and culturally conditioned. This view does not deny the reality of God, nor that the Bible is inspired by God (46). Since, however, the Bible is sacred scripture and a human product, affirming both and knowing the historical context are important (48).

Hermeneutics is the term given to the process of understanding the historical context of the Bible and interpreting it into a modern context.

Metaphorical/Mythological: truth as metaphor, not fact, means we can read the Bible non-literally, and at the same time, more than literally.

Thomas Mann defined myth as: "A story about how things never were but always are" (50). We speak not of metaphorical fact, but metaphorical truth. The truth of the Bible is not based on historical factuality but on its personal meaning and contemporary truth. Metaphor/myth is more powerful than fact. Metaphor serves as a "bridge" - and speaks to us in our current situation across the boundaries of time, place and humanity. The Bible is really, but not literally, true (56).

It is not important to ask whether a Bible story actually happened or not. What is important is the question: What does the story mean?

The Chronicles of Narnia and The Lord of the Rings are examples of stories containing metaphorical truth. Neither series is factual, but both are true stories nonetheless. In many ways, the Bible is the same.

However, there is a third dimension that makes the Bible more than only a profound story.

Sacramental: A finite, physical, visible mediator of the sacred (57). The Spirit speaks to moderns through ancient words (58). In the experience of Christians, the words of the Bible become a mediator of the reality of which they speak. The Word of God comes to us in earthen vessels (59)

Summary:

Thus, the Bible is human in origin, sacred in status and function, and emphasises relational aspects of faith, leading to a transformational vision of the Christian life (60). The Bible is therefore not so concerned with believing something about God as it being in a deeply meaningful and fulfilling relationship and partnership with God.

Questions for discussion:

1. How do you feel about understanding the Bible as a human book, with divine meaning? What problems does this definition helpfully address? What difficulties are created with this definition?

2. Sacramental and Iconic: These are ways Borg (and Wayne) have used to describe the divine and human nature of the Bible. Do these terms speak to you? How or how not?

Questions for Discussion

Discussion in groups: (3 - 5 people) 35 min. Please appoint a 'spokesperson' for each session. Look at the first question that follows, then subsequent or other questions as time permits. If your own questions seem more relevant please raise them and seek discussion of them.

Question 1: Discuss your understandings of Borg’s four understandings of "faith" and then talk about whether you are primarily a "head" Christian or a "heart" Christian. Are you comfortable with the way you are and can you hold these different aspects of faith in ‘comfortable’ tension in your life?

Question 2: From what you know of Islam, perhaps from your own reading or from personal conversations, can you make any comments about a Muslim’s faith in Allah and your own faith in God?

Question 3: Do you struggle with separating Biblical stories as "fact" from those same stories as "true"? Discuss some well known new testament stories e.g. Jesus feeding the 5000, Jesus walking on water, Jesus healing Bartemaeus (or any others that come to mind) and see if you can make sense of them as metaphor.

Plenium Discussion (20 min) Each nominated spokes-person to have an opportunity to share their group’s discussion. The leader will facilitate the group discussion.

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St. David's United Church.Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
January 2005